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Что (кто) такое ought$56061$ - определение

PHILOSOPHICAL PROBLEM ARTICULATED BY DAVID HUME IN 1739 ABOUT HOW ONE CAN DEDUCE PRESCRIPTIVE STATEMENTS (WHAT OUGHT TO BE) FROM DESCRIPTIVE STATEMENTS (WHAT IS)

Is-Ought Problem; Hume's Guillotine; Humes Guillotine; The Is-Ought Problem; Is ought problem; Hume's Law; Is/ought; Is-ought; Is / ought; Is-ought dichotomy; Is ought dichotomy; Facts to values; Is ought; Is-ought fallacy; Ought from is; "Ought" from "is"; Is/ought problem; Is-ought distinction; Is and ought; Is-ought gap; Ought and is; Ought-is; Ought-is distinction; Ought-is problem; Is–ought fallacy; Is-ought problem; Ought/is problem; Hume's law; Is–ought distinction; Science and value; Knowledge and value; Value and fact; Hume's guillotine; Normative–descriptive shuffle; Normative-descriptive shuffle

ought

WIKIMEDIA DISAMBIGUATION PAGE

Ought (disambiguation)

v. (E) you ought to help

ought

WIKIMEDIA DISAMBIGUATION PAGE

Ought (disambiguation)

Frequency: The word is one of the 3000 most common words in English.

Note: 'Ought to' is a phrasal modal verb. It is used with the base form of a verb. The negative form of 'ought to' is 'ought not to', which is sometimes shortened to 'oughtn't to' in spoken English.

1.

You use ought to to mean that it is morally right to do a particular thing or that it is morally right for a particular situation to exist, especially when giving or asking for advice or opinions.

Mark, you've got a good wife. You ought to take care of her...

You ought to be ashamed of yourselves. You've created this problem.

= should

PHRASE

2.

You use ought to when saying that you think it is a good idea and important for you or someone else to do a particular thing, especially when giving or asking for advice or opinions.

You don't have to be alone with him and I don't think you ought to be...

You ought to ask a lawyer's advice...

We ought not to be quarrelling now.

= should

PHRASE

3.

You use ought to to indicate that you expect something to be true or to happen. You use ought to have to indicate that you expect something to have happened already.

'This ought to be fun,' he told Alex, eyes gleaming.

= should

PHRASE

4.

You use ought to to indicate that you think that something should be the case, but might not be.

By rights the Social Democrats ought to be the favourites in the election. But nothing looks less certain...

Though this gives them a nice feeling, it really ought to worry them.

= should

PHRASE

5.

You use ought to to indicate that you think that something has happened because of what you know about the situation, but you are not certain.

He ought to have reached the house some time ago.

= should

PHRASE [vagueness]

6.

You use ought to have with a past participle to indicate that something was expected to happen or be the case, but it did not happen or was not the case.

Basically the system ought to have worked...

The money to build the power station ought to have been sufficient.

PHRASE

7.

You use ought to have with a past participle to indicate that although it was best or correct for someone to do something in the past, they did not actually do it.

I realize I ought to have told you about it...

Perhaps we ought to have trusted people more...

I ought not to have asked you a thing like that. I'm sorry...

I'm beginning to feel now we oughtn't to have let her go away like that.

PHRASE

8.

You use ought to when politely telling someone that you must do something, for example that you must leave.

I really ought to be getting back now...

I think I ought to go.

= should

PHRASE [politeness]

Ought

WIKIMEDIA DISAMBIGUATION PAGE

Ought (disambiguation)

·- of Owe.

II. Ought (·noun & ·adv) ·see Aught.

III. Ought ·Impf, ·p.p., or ·v·aux Owned; possessed.

IV. Ought ·Impf, ·p.p., or ·v·aux Was or were under obligation to pay; owed.

V. Ought ·Impf, ·p.p., or ·v·aux To be bound in duty or by moral obligation.

VI. Ought ·Impf, ·p.p., or ·v·aux To be necessary, fit, becoming, or expedient; to Behoove;

- in this sense formerly sometimes used impersonally or without a subject expressed.

Википедия

Is–ought problem

The is–ought problem, as articulated by the Scottish philosopher and historian David Hume, arises when one makes claims about what ought to be that are based solely on statements about what is. Hume found that there seems to be a significant difference between descriptive or positive statements (about what is) and prescriptive or normative statements (about what ought to be), and that it is not obvious how one can coherently move from descriptive statements to prescriptive ones. Hume's law or Hume's guillotine is the thesis that, if a reasoner only has access to non-moral and non-evaluative factual premises, the reasoner cannot logically infer the truth of moral statements.

A similar view is defended by G. E. Moore's open-question argument, intended to refute any identification of moral properties with natural properties. Ethical naturalists view this so-called naturalistic fallacy as not a fallacy.

The is–ought problem is closely related to the fact–value distinction in epistemology. Though the terms are often used interchangeably, academic discourse concerning the latter may encompass aesthetics in addition to ethics.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Is–ought problem